El comercio internacional de salmón de Chile y Tasmania, y la política gubernamental de recursos humanos que permite su expansión
Resumen
Los teóricos de la política económica internacional han focalizado de forma permanente sus trabajos en los actores que desarrollan o implementan políticas, más que las propias políticas. Dani Rodrik, Chalmers Johnson, y Peter Evans están entre los académicos del comercio internacional y la industrialización que han dedicado sus investigaciones al análisis del desarrollo de los recursos humanos en países que han logrado crecimientos económicos milagrosos. Chile puede ser considerado entre estos países, en parte por el desarrollo de su industria salmonera. Tasmania, otra región del hemisferio sur productora de salmón, también ha tenido un desarrollo del sector guiado por el Estado. Ambos comparten atributos y desafíos. Por una parte, el crecimiento de la industria del salmón en Chile y Tasmania es altamente explicado por la existencia de regímenes burocráticos que han apoyado el desarrollo del capital humano en el sector. Por otra, los dos enfrentan el desafío de balancear la rentabilidad y el manejo sanitario. Mientras Chile ha presentado un crecimiento record de las exportaciones, ha levantado cuestionamientos respecto del manejo sanitario de los cultivos; y Tasmania que ha aplicado regulaciones ambientales más estrictas, no ha tenido réditos económicos de la exportación de salmón.Palabras clave:
Chile, Tasmania, salmón, desarrollo de recursos humanos, políticas de desarrolloReferencias
Alvial, A., Kibenge, F., Forster, J., Burgos, J. M., Ibarra, R., & St-Hilaire, S. (2012). The recovery of the Chilean Salmon Industry. Puerto Montt: World Bank.
Asche, F., Guttormsen, A. G., & Tveteras, R. (2008). Aquaculture—Opportunities and Challenges Special Issue Introduction. Marine Resource Economics, Vol. 23, No. 4, 395-400.
Asche, F., Hansen, H., Tveteras, R., & Sigbjørntveterås. (2009). The Salmon Disease Crisis in Chile. Marine Resource Economics, Vol. 24, No. 4, 405-411.
Bagley, C. A. (2006). Potential risk factors of amoebic gill disease in Tasmanian Atlantic Salmon. Launceston: University of Tasmania.
Buxton, C., & Jungalwalla, P. (2010). Salmon Aquaculture subprogram: Facilitation and Administration. Deakin, ACT: Fisheries Research and Development Corporation.
Carson, J., Morrison, R., Cornish, M. C., Wright, E. (Andrewartha, R., Klumpp, L., Wilkinson, R. (2016). The Australian Aquatic Animal Health and Vaccine Centre: first phase to establish Atlantic salmon biosecure fish facility capabilities and develop strategy for an Australian centre of excellence. Deakin, ACT: Fisheries Research and Development Corporation.
Coen, R. (2014). Selling Salmon to the World: The Export Market for Pacific Northwest Canned Salmon. The Pacific Northwest Quarterly, Vol. 105, No. 1, 23-31.
DeLoach, B. (1935). Important Factors Affecting the Marketing of Canned Salmon. American Marketing Journal, Vol. 2, No. 4, 253-264.
DPIPWE. (2009). The Tasmanian Salmon Industry. Hobart: Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Government of Tasmania.
Environment and Communications References Committee, The Senate of Australia. (2015). Regulation of the fin-fish aquaculture industry in Tasmania. Canberra: Senate Printing Unit, Parliament House.
Esichaikul, R., & Baum, T. (1998). The case for government involvement in human resource development: A study of the Thai hotel industry. Tourism Management, 359-370.
Evans, P. (1995). Embedded Autonomy: States & Industrial Transformation. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press.
Gereffi, G., & Fernandez-Stark, K. (2011). Global Value Chain Analysis: A Primer. Duke University Center on Globalization, Governance & Competitiveness.
Hites, R. A., Foran, J. A., Carpenter, D. O., Hamilton, M. C., Knuth, B. A., & Schwager, S. J. (2004). Global Assessment of Organic Contaminants in Farmed Salmon. Science, New Series, Vol. 303, No. 5655, 226-229.
Hodgman, W. (2017, 11 03). Backing our growing seafood industry. Retrieved from Premier of Tasmania: http://www.premier.tas.gov.au/releases/backing_our_growing_seafood_industry
Hosono, A., Iiizuka, M., & Katz, J. (2017). Chile’s Salmon Industry. Policy Challenges in Managing Public Goods. Research Policy 46, 898–899.
IMAS. (2016). Salmon Aquaculture: Monitoring and Management. Retrieved from Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS): http://www.imas.utas.edu.au/research/fisheries-and-aquaculture/projects/projects/salmon-aquaculture-monitoring-and-management
ISFA. (2016). Salmon Farming: Sustaining Communities and Feeding the world. International Salmon Farmers Association.
Johnson, C. (1982). MITI and the Japanese Miracle. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Metcalfe, B. D., & Rees, C. J. (2005). Theorizing advances in international human resource development. Human Resource Development International, 449-465.
Ministry of Social Development, Chile. (2015). Franquicia Tributaria de Capacitación. Santiago: Ministerio de Desarrollo Social, Gobierno de Chile.
Phelan, S. (2003). A Pacific Rim Approach to Salmon Management: Redefining the Role of pacific Salmon International Consensus. Environmental Law, Vol. 33, No. 1, 247-289.
Phyne, J. (2010). A Comparative Political Economy of Rural Capitalism: Salmon Aquaculture in Norway, Chile and Ireland. Acta Sociologica, Vol. 53, No. 2, 160-180.
Porter, M. E. (1990). The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York: The Free Press.
Rainbird, H., & Ramirez, P. (2012). Bringing social institutions into global value chain analysis: the case of salmon farming in Chile. Work, Employment & Society, Vol. 26, No. 5, 789-805.
Rodrik, D. (2007). Industrial Policy for the Twenty-first Century. In D. Rodrik, One Economics Many Recipes: Globalization, Institutions, and Economic Growth (pp. 99-152). Oxfordshire: Princeton University Press.
Rodrik, D. (2008). Industrial Policy: Don't ask why, ask how. 1–29: Middle East Development Journal, Demo Issue.
Rodrik, D. (2014). Green industrial policy. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Volume 30, 469–491.
SalmonChile. (n.d.). Chilean Salmon Industry Brief. Asociación de la Industria del Salmón de Chile.
SALTAS. (1990). Review of the Saltwater Salmonid Industry in Tasmania: Final Report. Salmon Enterprises of Tasmania P/L.
Sehnbruch, K. (2006). The Chilean Labor Market: A key to understanding Latin American labor makets. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Sepúlveda, M., Arismendi, I., Soto, D., Jara, F., & Farias, F. (2013). Escaped farmed salmon and trout in Chile: incidence, impacts, and the need for an ecosystem view. Aquaculture Environment Interactions, Vol. 4, No. 3, 273-283.
Soluri, J. (2011). Something Fishy: Chile's Blue Revolution, Commodity Diseases, and the Problem ofSustainability. Latin American Research Review, Vol. 46, Special Issue: Contemporary Debates on Ecology, Society, and Culture in Latin America, 55-81.
Stiglitz, J. E., & Uy, M. (1996). Financial Markets, Public Policy, and the East Asian Miracle. The World Bank Research Observer, Vol. 11, No. 2, 249-276.
Stokstad, E. (2002). Engineered Fish: Friend or Foe of the Environment? Science, New Series, Vol. 297, No. 5588, 1797-1799.
TAS Government. (2017). Sustainable Industry Growth Plan for the Salmon Industry. Hobart: Depar tment of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmanian Government.
Thomas, E. H. (2018). Crisis and catastrophe on Chiloé: Collective memory and the (re)framing of an environmental disaster. Cultural Dynamics, 30(3), 199-213.
TSIC. (2017). Seafood Industry Workforce Profile. Tasmanian Seafood Indutry Council.
UNCTAD. (2006). A case study of the Salmon Industry in Chile. Geneva: UNCTAD.
Wang, X., Olsen, L. M., Reitan, K. I., & Olsen, Y. (2012). Discharge of nutrient wastes from salmon farms: environmental effects, and potential. Aquaculture Environment Interactions, Vol. 2, No. 3, 267-283.
Wood, L. (2002). Feed and Food Safety in the Farmed Atlantic Salmon Industry. Geography, Vol. 87, No. 2, 160-163.
Xie, J., & Zhang, D. (2014). Imperfect Competition and Structural Changes in the US Salmon Import Market. Marine Resource Economics, Vol. 29, No. 4, 375-389.
Asche, F., Guttormsen, A. G., & Tveteras, R. (2008). Aquaculture—Opportunities and Challenges Special Issue Introduction. Marine Resource Economics, Vol. 23, No. 4, 395-400.
Asche, F., Hansen, H., Tveteras, R., & Sigbjørntveterås. (2009). The Salmon Disease Crisis in Chile. Marine Resource Economics, Vol. 24, No. 4, 405-411.
Bagley, C. A. (2006). Potential risk factors of amoebic gill disease in Tasmanian Atlantic Salmon. Launceston: University of Tasmania.
Buxton, C., & Jungalwalla, P. (2010). Salmon Aquaculture subprogram: Facilitation and Administration. Deakin, ACT: Fisheries Research and Development Corporation.
Carson, J., Morrison, R., Cornish, M. C., Wright, E. (Andrewartha, R., Klumpp, L., Wilkinson, R. (2016). The Australian Aquatic Animal Health and Vaccine Centre: first phase to establish Atlantic salmon biosecure fish facility capabilities and develop strategy for an Australian centre of excellence. Deakin, ACT: Fisheries Research and Development Corporation.
Coen, R. (2014). Selling Salmon to the World: The Export Market for Pacific Northwest Canned Salmon. The Pacific Northwest Quarterly, Vol. 105, No. 1, 23-31.
DeLoach, B. (1935). Important Factors Affecting the Marketing of Canned Salmon. American Marketing Journal, Vol. 2, No. 4, 253-264.
DPIPWE. (2009). The Tasmanian Salmon Industry. Hobart: Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Government of Tasmania.
Environment and Communications References Committee, The Senate of Australia. (2015). Regulation of the fin-fish aquaculture industry in Tasmania. Canberra: Senate Printing Unit, Parliament House.
Esichaikul, R., & Baum, T. (1998). The case for government involvement in human resource development: A study of the Thai hotel industry. Tourism Management, 359-370.
Evans, P. (1995). Embedded Autonomy: States & Industrial Transformation. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press.
Gereffi, G., & Fernandez-Stark, K. (2011). Global Value Chain Analysis: A Primer. Duke University Center on Globalization, Governance & Competitiveness.
Hites, R. A., Foran, J. A., Carpenter, D. O., Hamilton, M. C., Knuth, B. A., & Schwager, S. J. (2004). Global Assessment of Organic Contaminants in Farmed Salmon. Science, New Series, Vol. 303, No. 5655, 226-229.
Hodgman, W. (2017, 11 03). Backing our growing seafood industry. Retrieved from Premier of Tasmania: http://www.premier.tas.gov.au/releases/backing_our_growing_seafood_industry
Hosono, A., Iiizuka, M., & Katz, J. (2017). Chile’s Salmon Industry. Policy Challenges in Managing Public Goods. Research Policy 46, 898–899.
IMAS. (2016). Salmon Aquaculture: Monitoring and Management. Retrieved from Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS): http://www.imas.utas.edu.au/research/fisheries-and-aquaculture/projects/projects/salmon-aquaculture-monitoring-and-management
ISFA. (2016). Salmon Farming: Sustaining Communities and Feeding the world. International Salmon Farmers Association.
Johnson, C. (1982). MITI and the Japanese Miracle. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Metcalfe, B. D., & Rees, C. J. (2005). Theorizing advances in international human resource development. Human Resource Development International, 449-465.
Ministry of Social Development, Chile. (2015). Franquicia Tributaria de Capacitación. Santiago: Ministerio de Desarrollo Social, Gobierno de Chile.
Phelan, S. (2003). A Pacific Rim Approach to Salmon Management: Redefining the Role of pacific Salmon International Consensus. Environmental Law, Vol. 33, No. 1, 247-289.
Phyne, J. (2010). A Comparative Political Economy of Rural Capitalism: Salmon Aquaculture in Norway, Chile and Ireland. Acta Sociologica, Vol. 53, No. 2, 160-180.
Porter, M. E. (1990). The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York: The Free Press.
Rainbird, H., & Ramirez, P. (2012). Bringing social institutions into global value chain analysis: the case of salmon farming in Chile. Work, Employment & Society, Vol. 26, No. 5, 789-805.
Rodrik, D. (2007). Industrial Policy for the Twenty-first Century. In D. Rodrik, One Economics Many Recipes: Globalization, Institutions, and Economic Growth (pp. 99-152). Oxfordshire: Princeton University Press.
Rodrik, D. (2008). Industrial Policy: Don't ask why, ask how. 1–29: Middle East Development Journal, Demo Issue.
Rodrik, D. (2014). Green industrial policy. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Volume 30, 469–491.
SalmonChile. (n.d.). Chilean Salmon Industry Brief. Asociación de la Industria del Salmón de Chile.
SALTAS. (1990). Review of the Saltwater Salmonid Industry in Tasmania: Final Report. Salmon Enterprises of Tasmania P/L.
Sehnbruch, K. (2006). The Chilean Labor Market: A key to understanding Latin American labor makets. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Sepúlveda, M., Arismendi, I., Soto, D., Jara, F., & Farias, F. (2013). Escaped farmed salmon and trout in Chile: incidence, impacts, and the need for an ecosystem view. Aquaculture Environment Interactions, Vol. 4, No. 3, 273-283.
Soluri, J. (2011). Something Fishy: Chile's Blue Revolution, Commodity Diseases, and the Problem ofSustainability. Latin American Research Review, Vol. 46, Special Issue: Contemporary Debates on Ecology, Society, and Culture in Latin America, 55-81.
Stiglitz, J. E., & Uy, M. (1996). Financial Markets, Public Policy, and the East Asian Miracle. The World Bank Research Observer, Vol. 11, No. 2, 249-276.
Stokstad, E. (2002). Engineered Fish: Friend or Foe of the Environment? Science, New Series, Vol. 297, No. 5588, 1797-1799.
TAS Government. (2017). Sustainable Industry Growth Plan for the Salmon Industry. Hobart: Depar tment of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmanian Government.
Thomas, E. H. (2018). Crisis and catastrophe on Chiloé: Collective memory and the (re)framing of an environmental disaster. Cultural Dynamics, 30(3), 199-213.
TSIC. (2017). Seafood Industry Workforce Profile. Tasmanian Seafood Indutry Council.
UNCTAD. (2006). A case study of the Salmon Industry in Chile. Geneva: UNCTAD.
Wang, X., Olsen, L. M., Reitan, K. I., & Olsen, Y. (2012). Discharge of nutrient wastes from salmon farms: environmental effects, and potential. Aquaculture Environment Interactions, Vol. 2, No. 3, 267-283.
Wood, L. (2002). Feed and Food Safety in the Farmed Atlantic Salmon Industry. Geography, Vol. 87, No. 2, 160-163.
Xie, J., & Zhang, D. (2014). Imperfect Competition and Structural Changes in the US Salmon Import Market. Marine Resource Economics, Vol. 29, No. 4, 375-389.
